Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals Contamination in Soil and Two Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Varieties Irrigated with Paper Mill Effluent

Heavy metal pollution from industrial wastewaters has become an issue of global concern. These are frequently used for inland irrigation which possess a serious risk heavy contamination both soil and cultivated crops. The problem is more common in developing countries like India where often discharged without appropriate treatments. Therefore, this study aimed at assessing the impact paper mill effluent on growth, productivity, accumulation potential two rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties (PB-1121 PR-121). Water, soil, crop samples were obtained vicinity Saharanpur city, Uttar Pradesh, India, subsequently analyzed selected physicochemical parameters. Results showed that nearby Kali River water had significant (p < 0.05) loads pollutants impacted properties. Moreover, maximum plant height (123.48 ± 4.86 98.83 2.02 cm); total chlorophyll (6.70 0.25 6.64 0.17 mg/g); leaf carotenoids (0.67 0.08 0.63 0.05 starch content (71.08 2.05 72.60 1.63%); amylose (25.10 1.32 20.28 1.24%); yield (4270.20 75.12 5830.58 63.10 kg/ha); straw (5472.05 93.90 6683.76 61.26 kg/ha) PB-1121 PR-121, respectively, observed using source as compared to borewell water. order grain followed: Fe > Mn Zn Cu Cr Cd. Similarly, bioaccumulation factors metals >1 <1, respectively. target hazard quotient (THQ) there was no health irrigated with contaminated supply except PR-121 variety index (HRI) value exceeded limit (>1). As result, findings provide useful information about current state risks associated crops sources.